Call your local health department. If you have concerns about EVD, contact your healthcare provider. Here we review key epidemiological data from past Ebola outbreaks and carry out a comparative . 1978;56(2):271-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2395567/pdf/bullwho00439-0113.pdf, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/307456?tool=bestpractice.com. Ebola - Democratic Republic of the Congo. 2021. A cross border surveillance program began in June to limit the spread of the disease between the countries. The Ebola virus disease is an epidemic that has returned to claim more lives than one can count. Sanchez A, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H. Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. , The WHO declares an outbreak is over when no confirmed or probable cases are detected for a period of 42 days (i.e., twice the maximum incubation period) since the last potential exposure to the last case occurred; however, WHO recommends heightened surveillance and response activities during the 42-day period and for at least 6 months after. This is the first FDA-approved vaccine for Ebola virus disease caused by one strain of the Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus). From this point onward, constant updates have been documented, and until the end of November 2014 the condition grew in number and prevalence[7]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021 May;25(10):4523-4533. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.16462. For any urgent enquiries please contact our customer services team who are ready to help with any problems. Tasks: Review the Ebola materials assembled for you by a team of experts and then use what you've learned to create a strategy to stop the outbreak. Wear protective clothing and follow infection control recommendations when caring for an infected person. },}2}yb Careers. In class we got a chance to discuss Ebola in the US and in Africa. 2022. It most commonly affects people and nonhuman primates, such as monkeys, chimpanzees, and gorillas. Symptoms of EVD include fever, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, weakness, fatigue, sore throat, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal (stomach) pain, and, in some cases, unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). The natural history of EVD has shown that the disease may pose a problem to developed countries and may present a thread to individuals. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Bats and rodents have been considered as potential reservoir species for a long time. There are four different strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people: Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus); Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus); Ta Forest virus (Ta Forest ebolavirus, formerly Cte dIvoire ebolavirus); and Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus). Nat Rev Dis Primers. 18 March 2020. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. Keywords: World Health Organization. Nov 2020[internet publication]. Ebola is not spread through the air (for example, by coughing or sneezing), by water, or through cooked food. In June, MSF called for the WHO to increase its response. Careers. 2014 Oct 16;371(16):1481-95. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244186?tool=bestpractice.com. The site is secure. Thankfully, the US does not have to go through the effects of living in an Ebola epidemic because of the certain precautions taken when a case arise and the steps taken further for primary and secondary prevention. Am J Public Health. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON404. Disease outbreak news. 3 0 obj Dec 2021 [internet publication]. There have been many very deadly cases of Ebola - the fatality rate is estimated to from about fifty to ninety percent. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 2022: an outbreak of Sudan ebolavirus disease in Uganda started on September 20, 2022 and was declared over on January 11, 2023, with a total of 142 confirmed cases and 55 deaths (case fatality rate 39%). 8600 Rockville Pike https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/full Transmission of Ebola from the reservoir species to humans or other potential end hosts might be an infrequent event, taking into account the restricted distribution and scarce contact with the reservoir species. What is the treatment for Ebola virus disease? official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and The ebola virus took the world by storm after it was carried to the United States and spread by people who had visited West Africa. Affected countries in Africa included Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone and the epidemic, having begun in December 2013, went on for a full year, with additional cases occurring throughout 2015. (Michaels-Strasser et al. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/01/03-0125_article We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. As each country must strengthen its preparedness and response system to prevent eventual Ebola outbreaks in the future, adequate knowledge about the ecology and transmission of this disease is of the uttermost importance. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03535.x/full This virus was formerly known as the hemorrhagic fever. Kavulikirwa, Olivier Kambere endobj It was observed that the level of uncertainty for the estimations is relatively high which may hinder to make some predictions for the future evolution of EVD outbreak. Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/ebola-virus-disease-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-draft, 2018-2020: the worlds second largest outbreak in the north Kivu and Ituri provinces of the DRC in 2018 was declared over on June 25, 2020, with a total of 3481 cases and 2299 deaths (case fatality rate 66%). This was the first outbreak in Guinea since the 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak. Disease outbreak news. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Dr. Tomislav Metrovi is a medical doctor (MD) with a Ph.D. in biomedical and health sciences, specialist in the field of clinical microbiology, and an Assistant Professor at Croatia's youngest university - University North. https://www.cdc.gov/amd/stories/ebola.html. Kaur, Gurmeet and Sachdeva, Sandeep and Jha, Diwakar and Sulania, Anika, Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad (January 12, 2017). Under the time constraint and scrutinizing public, they had to determine what ebola was, what it did and its effects on the general public. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multi-organ failure and severe bleeding complications. The Ebola-Zaire subtype is the most lethal variant. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2023-DON433. These variables play a role in the spread of the virus in human populations. The emerging diagnostic technologies, rapid viral characterization, geospatial mapping of EVD transmission, and new treatments and vaccines are discussed. The case, a 46-year old woman, died after being hospitalized for 23 days for symptoms thought to be related to her known comorbidities. Training for outbreak response through the Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network. Where a individual seeks care depends on the level of trust in the healthcare system, accessibility and abundance of healthcare facilities, financial and economic stance and cultural beliefs (WHO 2016). Care of people with Ebola is difficult and varied due to the highly infectious and often fatal nature of the disease. Nov 2020[internet publication]. This manuscript review and update current knowledge with regard to epidemiology of EVD problem statement, historical perspective, agent, host, environment, reservoir of infection, routes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, management, and control. There was considerable difference in the ability of health care services to deal with infectious diseases due to scarcity in supplies and training. Huang, Yu-Hsun The disease was then contained, however sporadic outbreaks of the Zaire and Sudan Ebola subtypes have risen in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Uganda, and Sudan; one of the latest outbreaks was in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in September of 2007. From nanoparticle-based enrichment to mass spec refinements, they explore how these tools facilitate unbiased, deep, and rapid proteomics. and transmitted securely. Before Jul 2022 [internet publication]. between patient and physician/doctor and the medical advice they may provide. Although observed modes of transmission mainly include direct contact and contaminated staff, high case fatality ratio and frequent contacts among individuals in developed countries are among determinants which may lead to the development of the EVD outbreak. The disease is introduced into the human population via close contact with the blood, bodily secretions, organs, or other fluids of infected animals. Woolsey C, Fears AC, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Dobias NS, Prasad AN, Deer DJ, Geisbert JB, Fenton KA, Geisbert TW, Cross RW. Clinical manifestations and case management of Ebola haemorrhagic fever caused by a newly identified virus strain, Bundibugyo, Uganda, 2007-2008. Wash hands often with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. doi: 10.7554/eLife.16412. The objective of this work is to study the evolution and progression of the epidemiological presentation profile of Ebola disease outbreaks since its discovery in 1976 to the present, and to explore the possible reasons for this evolution from different perspectives. Clin Microbiol Infect. Trop J Med Res 2017;20:1-9, Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. The site is secure. 2012 Dec 28;7(12):e52986. Ebola Virus Epidemiology. The Ebola virus causes a high-risk hemorrhagic fever that affects multiple organ systems in the body and is often accompanied by bleeding (Cullinane & Park, 2014, What is Ebola? The epidemiological data detailing the number of Ebola cases is updated by the World Health Organization (WHO).
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