Integration of sensory and motor information is one-step, among others, that underlies the successful production of goal-directed hand movements necessary for interacting with our environment. Piaget's theory suggests that children progress through a series of four different stages of cognitive development. As the purpose of this review is to examine the role of each sensory modality in motor learning, here we suggest that additional future research is needed to test the effects of taste and olfactory manipulations on motor performance and learning. Data is temporarily unavailable. We define sensory manipulations as changes in the sensory environment intended to affect ones behavior or performance on a task, including the addition (e.g., Ma, Trombly, Tickle-Degnen, & Wagenaar, 2004), removal (e.g., Bennett & Davids, 1995), and/or alteration (e.g., Ruitenberg et al., 2012) of sensory information. Motor dysfunction is a common and severe complication of stroke that affects the quality of life of these patients. Effects of visual and auditory cues on gait initiation in people with Parkinsons disease. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. Mouawad MR, Doust CG, Max MD, et al. [14,15] The cortexbasal gangliacerebellum circuit has an essential role in the motor, cognitive, emotional, and sensory functions in patients with dyskinesia. Suteerawattananon M, Morris GS, Etnyre BR, Jankovic J, & Protas EJ (2004). A type of motor learning in which a leaner modifies motor behavior to optimize performance in a new task environment (Izawa, Rane, Donchin, & Shadmehr, 2008). Front Hum Neurosci 2014;8:458. Burleigh-Jacob A, Horak FB, Nutt JG, & Obeso JA (1997). Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment. [52]. While methodological differences (e.g., different motor tasks used) may account for the conflicting research evidence, further research is needed to clearly understand when and why reliance on vision will change through training. In this review, we summarize the anatomical basis, relevant experimental studies, and clinical applications of sensory input training as well as discuss the therapeutic effects of sensory input training on motor function rehabilitation after stroke. Get new journal Tables of Contents sent right to your email inbox, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0, Therapeutic effects of sensory input training on motor function rehabilitation after stroke, Articles in Google Scholar by Xiaowei Chen, MD, Other articles in this journal by Xiaowei Chen, MD, Privacy Policy (Updated December 15, 2022). Hoshi E, Tremblay L, Fger J, et al. 2015). Abstract. In P. Mussen (ed). For example, patients have been shown to benefit from using a head-mounted VR device that produced virtual visual cues during gait rehabilitation (Baram & Miller, 2006). Functional properties of the basal ganglia's re-entrant loop architecture: selection and reinforcement. Finally, simply encouraging patients to focus on internalizing their learning may also help lead to a better transfer of rehabilitation gains to real-world settings. Hordacre B, Immink MA, Ridding MC, & Hillier S (2016). One way to influence an individuals credit assignment to themselves is to remove additional sensory information so that participants are more likely to assume that errors are internal. PMC PLoS One 2015;10:e0126857. During this initial phase of development, children utilize skills and abilities they were born with (such as looking, sucking, grasping, and listening) to learn more about the environment. For example, therapists may not pay attention to a slight tilt of a picture hung on the wall of a training room because it may be apparently irrelevant for balance rehabilitation. Thaut MH, Stephan KM, Wunderlich G, Schicks W, Tellmann L, Herzog H, Hmberg V (2009). This approach modulates the muscular contraction via the proprioceptive sensory system and facilitates motor rehabilitation. Mink JW. Motor Output. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Hsu HY, Ke CW, Kuan TS, Yang HC, Tsai CL, Kuo LC. More research on the efficacy of multimodal compared to unimodal information may also provide useful insights and implications for clinical practice, where multimodal cues may provide benefits for individuals who experience sensory processing deficits in single sensory modalities. Indeed, visual processing occurs along two pathways - a dorsal and ventral stream which are generally believed to mediate spatial perception and recognition of objects, respectively (Goodale, 1998; Mishkin & Ungerleider, 1982). Sensory input is very importa Rhythmic auditory stimulation improves gait more than NDT/Bobath training in near-ambulatory patients early poststroke: a single-blind, randomized trial. Importantly, Kennedy et al. Training in virtual environments: Transfer to real world tasks and equivalence to real task training. Feasibility, motivation, and selective motor control: Virtual reality compared to conventional home exercise in children with cerebral palsy. Behav Neurol 2013;27:6573. Finally, harnessing emerging technology, such as immersive virtual reality environments, may provide an engaging and portable way to implement effective sensory manipulations during motor training and rehabilitation. Your message has been successfully sent to your colleague. [48]. (1983). Keough JL (2011). Neuroscience 2018;368:28397. Some error has occurred while processing your request. Numerous studies have shown that basal ganglia participate in the generation and maintenance of actions in 2 ways: by simultaneously activating the agonistic and antagonistic muscles and maintaining balance, or by sequentially activating the agonistic and antagonistic muscles and generating fast motion. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Impacts of Sensation, Perception, and Motor Abilities of the Ipsilesional Upper Limb on Hand Functions in Unilateral Stroke: Quantifications From Biomechanical and Functional Perspectives. Disclaimer. During this time, children begin to move towards understanding the world through mental operations rather than purely through actions. As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Wang XQ, Pi YL, Chen BL, et al. Voluntary functional movement necessitates preparation, execution, and monitoring functions of the central nervous system, while the monitoring needs the participation of the sensory system. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014;15:17080. Please enable scripts and reload this page. Enhancement of motor coordination by applying high frequency repetitive TMS on the sensory cortex. Postural adjustments. While arbitrary pairings of sensory inputs and movements may be learned, they are typically less successful (e.g., Azadi & Harwood, 2014; Gandolfo et al., 1996). In addition, VR and AR allows individuals to finely control and adjust sensory feedback,, allowing for the precise manipulation of both the temporal and spatial components of the sensory information presented. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Nat Neurosci 2013;16:166270. [13] The cortex-cerebellum circuit connects the frontal lobe, pons, cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nucleus, locus ruber, ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, and motor cortex, which provide an anatomical basis for the regulation of motor coordination. Credit assignment seems to play a key role in the degree of context-dependence, and learning can be less context-dependent when people believe that motor errors arise more from their own bodies. Thaut MH, Miller RA, & Schauer LM (1998). Cued taskspecific training is better than exercise in improving sittostand in patients with Parkinsons disease: A randomized controlled trial. [38]. We note that sometimes auditory cues are also found to affect stride length, perhaps because these gait kinematics are interrelated (that is, both cadence and stride length influence velocity, and therefore a change in one parameter may lead to changes in other parameters; Ford et al., 2010; Hurt et al., 1998). Progress in. Activation of the motor neurons contracts the quadriceps, extending the lower leg. Currently, motor function rehabilitation predominantly focuses on active movement training; nevertheless, the role of sensory input is usually overlooked. Chen, Xiaowei MD; Liu, Fuqian MD; Yan, Zhaohong MD; Cheng, Shihuan MD; Liu, Xunchan MD; Li, He MD; Li, Zhenlan PhD. Pavlides C, Miyashita E, & Asanuma H (1993). Perhaps not surprisingly, evidence suggests that sensory information is likely to influence motor performance when the manipulated information is relevant to the performance of the motor task. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. Neuroimage 2016;126:10619. Similarly, PD patients were found to be highly reliant on visual information during training, which limited generalizability to other environments (Verschueren et al., 1997). [19]. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:10012. J Rehabil Med 2011;43:52733. Front Neurosci. Shared networks for auditory and motor processing in professional pianists: Evidence from fMRI conjunction. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. Kendra Cherry, MS,is the author of the "Everything Psychology Book (2nd Edition)"and has written thousands of articles on diverse psychology topics. Involuntary motor activity in pianists evoked by music perception. Epub 2022 Apr 3. Predicting recovery of voluntary upper extremity movement in subacute, [3]. This is important since there are several factors that impact the effectiveness of a sensory manipulation, and some sensory manipulations have been found to be relatively ineffective (e.g., Deubel, 1995). Sensory input is when the body gathers information or data, by way of neurons, glia and synapses. Herholz Sibylle C, Zatorre Robert J. Discuss how motor movement is dependent on sensory input Expert Answer 100% (1 rating) Answer : Sensory input is very important to motor function. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Mental activity. The brain is the center of mental activity, including consciousness, thinking, and memory. [47] Music can stimulate interactions between the sensory and motor systems, which may be helpful for evoking voluntary movements. Behaviour-dependent recruitment of long-range projection neurons in somatosensory cortex. Data curation: Xiaowei Chen, Zhaohong Yan, Xunchan Liu. Roerdink M, Lamoth CJ, Kwakkel G, Van Wieringen PC, & Beek PJ (2007). 2019 Jan;33(1):70-81. doi: 10.1177/1545968318818902. Highlight selected keywords in the article text. Rhythmic auditory stimulation modulates gait variability in Parkinsons disease. [55]. That is, while a sensory manipulation often enhances training outcomes, it can also make learning context-dependent and lead to poorer generalizability of a learned skill (e.g., poorer performance in untrained contexts compared to performance in the trained context; Lee, Winstein, & Fisher, 2016). Seeing is believing: Effects of visual contextual cues on learning and transfer of locomotor adaptation. The effect of a salient odor context on memory retrieval in young infants. However, this only occurs when a sensory cue has key information to the task, such as target speed or starting eye position, but not when the cue contains task-irrelevant information, such as target color (Alahyane & Plisson, 2004; Azadi & Harwood 2014; Bahcall & Kowler, 2000; Deubel, 1995; Herman et al., 2009; Shelhamer & Clendaniel, 2002). Richards LG, Stewart KC, Woodbury ML, et al. Learning movement skills involves a number of interacting components, such as information extraction, decision making, different classes of control, motor learning and its representations. [34]. An interpretation of the approach of rood to the treatment of neuromuscular dysfunction. The bulk of this review has suggested that manipulating sensory information can improve motor performance and enhance rehabilitation. Noteboom JT, Fleshner M, & Enoka RM (2001). That is, motor learning with specific sensory manipulations may enhance performance in the trained environment (e.g., rehabilitation room), but training effects may be diminished in untrained environments (e.g., outside of the clinic). Augmented feedback presented in a virtual environment accelerates learning of a difficult motor task. There is a body of research evidence suggesting that taste and olfactory information can be associated with memory and learning (e.g., Baker, Bezance, Zellaby, & Aggleton, 2004; Herz & Cupchik, 1995; Herz, Eliassen, Beland, & Souza, 2004; Herz, 1997; Rosas & Callejas-Aguilera, 2007; Schroers, Prigot, & Fagen, 2007; Smith, Standing, & de Man, 1992). 2013;23:5:640-647. doi:10.1080/10911359.2013.775936, An M, Marcinowski EC, Hsu LY, et al. [20]. [26]. In adults, the sensory systems are well organized and act in a context-specific way. [42], PNF refers to a recently advanced form of rehabilitation training involving both the stretching and contraction of targeted muscle groups. Long-term patterns of reorganization following motor or mixed peripheral nerve lesions. Stride length regulation in Parkinsons disease: The use of extrinsic, visual cues. Gao Z, Pang Z, Chen Y, Lei G, Zhu S, Li G, Shen Y, Xu W. Neurosci Bull. [49]. Schlaug G. Musicians and music making as a model for the study of brain plasticity. Motor dysfunction is a common and severe complication of stroke that affects the quality of life of these patients. Piaget's Theory. Please try after some time. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. . Levin MF, Lamarre Y, Feldman AG. eCollection 2022. Restor Neurol Neurosci. Cha Y, Kim Y, Hwang S, et al. (2013) showed that when people were provided with auditory, visual, or auditory+visual information representing the goal pattern (e.g., the goal sequence either played as an audio recording, viewed as a sequence of visual lines, or both,) before actually moving, their movements became more accurate and stable compared to when they received a simple visual metronome cue during the task. Manipulations of visual information can also have implications for clinical practice, as individuals with PD and stroke show a strong dependence on visual information during motor tasks (Cooke, Brown, & Brooks, 1978; Vaugoyeau et al., 2007; Verschueren, Swinnen, Dom, & De Weerdt, 1997). Corticocortical connections between primary sensory (S1) and motor (M1) cortices are critical loci of . For instance, we previously explained that during a saccadic adaptation task, people are capable of simultaneously adapting to two different perturbations (e.g., the shifting of the target in two opposite directions) linked with two different sensory inputs (e.g., initial eye positions; Shelhamer & Clendaniel, 2002). In addition, future research may explore how other modalities, such as taste, olfaction, or multimodal combinations of sensations, impact motor learning in both healthy and clinical populations. MST is formulated on key principles emerging from research on brain plasticity and motor rehabilitation (Rodriguez-Fornells et al., 2012). [44]. It is the leading contributor to secondary movement disorders in elderly patients. Finally, in a sequence skill task in which people learned to execute a sequence of button presses, removing task-relevant stimuli (i.e., a sequence of key pressing) from a computer display was more detrimental to task performance than removing task-irrelevant stimuli (e.g., display color) after training with both types of information (Wright & Shea, 1991). Kluzik J, Diedrichsen J, Shadmehr R, & Bastian AJ (2008). [36]. Arch Neurol 2003;60:13658. A systematic review and meta-analysis. The role of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in contextdependent motor performance. Cerebellum 2012;11:50525. One is whether the manipulation of visual information affects performance (e.g., does a floor marker increases the step length of ones gait; Jiang & Norman, 2006), and the other is whether different visual cues can induce different motor responses (e.g., can people make different movements in response to different color cues of a target if they have been trained appropriately; Osu et al., 2004).
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